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今日下午，《论语札记》作者贾陆英老师继续在老秘网QQ群“重温经典读书会”组织大家学习讨论《论语》为政篇第2章。有贾老师的热心授课，我们的重温经典读书会已名副其实了。昨天老秘网新开了“公文写作合议庭”版块，也期待大家积极参与。这里，老猫把今日的聊天记录整理如下：
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* v% x- ?2 U7 G4 G" lTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">各位好，星期一下午有事未到，让大家久等了。特致歉意。今天下午，我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第2 p D3 d# I5 R q R# b0 vmso-font-kerning:0pt">2: [% A: w$ g F7 P* ~font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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& Q" Y+ P( { W9 H2 J; @mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。. _: M8 T/ i% A! w- t; l
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- G! o* W/ n& Z$ N& q$ {( H3 g6 W, FTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百：《诗经》实有三百零五篇，三百只是举其整数。* q" E" B* O0 x3 [3 r; vmso-font-kerning:0pt">“, Q3 Y& h: t( I; e& ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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. G4 T3 n0 h* D( C3 Z: _& g3 Omso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：概括。思无邪：《诗经9 b, u0 {3 n3 y4 ~; E
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) O9 p! |6 @- M5 imso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">駧》》上的一句话。原文的思字是语助词，孔子借用这句话把思作思想讲。无邪：纯正，没有邪念。. W9 i! m1 C; ?/ P! j
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. l4 J: v! c; j# _5 g2 E( N3 ~Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">问：孔子为什么极为重视诗教？/ h/ ~2 b0 ~: v: P0pt">
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% `, _- E' P* ?& n% |" STahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">答：本章是孔子对《诗经》精神的概括。孔子曾经说过，吾道一以贯之，指出他的学说有一个贯穿其中的基本精神，读书学习，重要的是要把握这个基本精神。一言以蔽之，就是一以贯之的意思，! ~; ^' h3 ]; W0 x9 P3 J: Amso-font-kerning:0pt">"2 D, E- C9 a" U
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3 _& @5 f0 a" t$ g. |9 T9 ?8 {mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">就是贯穿于诗经三百篇中的核心精神。- R" ~9 e' [0 p8 u0 ?mso-font-kerning:0pt">
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴于诗、立于礼、成于乐9 Z* t9 K/ w# F; Q& o& l1 `# q10.5pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">”: f4 b- o$ c( x2 r& i8 m' q) \: y
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">泰伯》），兴于诗，强调诗的教育之重要，所兴的是人的情感。立于礼，礼教的目的是使人在社会上立足。成于乐，乐教的目的是使这种 k& d' g" x7 Q2 N+ d
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">最终得以完成。古人讲的2 Q, J4 ~2 i7 ~, `: ~) U( x
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，包括音乐、舞蹈、诗歌等等，诗歌是运用有节律、有韵律的语言反映生活、抒发情感的文学体裁，孔子认为，就教化的功能而言，; D: a- g% a- L' Amso-font-kerning:0pt">“; @; M. k6 F. l/ A' ^7 u+ j" ~
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐教# h3 Z, O1 r: Q3 Y; d: C3 J! {
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* |6 x k3 n0 R( { I8 Cmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗教/ B6 o6 P4 x, i$ M/ E. Gmso-font-kerning:0pt">”6 N/ j$ c% X, U- h" @) z
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是一个人品德养成、人性完善的最高层次。! L2 d+ R6 v4 M3 }1 c+ E# `
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》是中国最早的一部诗歌总集，经孔子删订，收有从西周初年到春秋中叶的诗歌5 ^% n3 q6 }/ i7 D7 kmso-font-kerning:0pt">3050 P' M1 I5 I& i
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">篇。孔子特别重视( x' H Q4 L3 G G U7 R2 R T
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对于人格完善的重要作用，他说：5 B6 H! J& _, Xmso-font-kerning:0pt">“/ l6 R+ G4 L' B$ Z# S0 C. Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
m- B, ] G- @8 {( L6 Bmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗，无以言。- R7 ]5 @( J4 u, Q( ]0 B7 f" |! `6 k
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语4 q; e& ~6 t; \" i9 Imso-font-kerning:0pt">•7 J9 }8 V/ b7 z* g
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">季氏》）3 _$ H! ^/ [5 D P3 G
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨。迩之事父，远之事君；多识于鸟兽草木之名。8 |& S" w9 n* b6 e2 B6 y Cmso-font-kerning:0pt">”$ m! \/ u3 c, e
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">阳货》）由此可见，孔子重视《诗经》的教育，一是在于学习《诗》的语言和文化知识，二是通过: P3 R% e+ N% d4 I# Nmso-font-kerning:0pt">“ C: K! s) @. l
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴、观、群、怨! q" e3 c, V% v- m/ a3 b# K
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。1 W' _6 b1 n6 `7 x
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。* x2 G) P* S( I% Tmso-font-kerning:0pt">"3 _4 u1 q; c( {5 R! Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
1 A( h& b! {1 D! E9 gmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">睡虫歪解：诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。* S" Q- X8 H' d8 U6 R' `! O7 z
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。9 i9 i$ ?* _7 M, v1 T7 B
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: V; l# u9 u# ?; _! a) bmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">此乃' h; j; {, p X
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7 x; M+ q9 N1 n- }+ l) L, emso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">。诗经确有许多歌颂男女爱情的作品，那时的社会风气是开化的，孔子的思想也是开化的。这种风气被改变，是后来的事。不可用后人的标准衡量前人。“我把贾老得罪了”# V" f* b1 U) {% kmso-font-kerning:0pt">——' p2 Q( W' t1 p5 e# \; m4 R2 B3 O+ E& _font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
; @8 {4 d( V) V. Pmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">开个玩笑，没关系的。1 C9 C' C+ |6 r: z9 y8 V- J" B# y
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观、可以群，可以怨。5 C- d9 Y3 Y& r0 p9 L* U
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" I, X: ^# F" C: `: B6 U ]5 y2 }' n Fmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">学诗的作用就在于4 c$ O) ?" o: {: y
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: _7 P) ~4 F# o _1 p P' Fmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨; P, k/ U2 i: T- y8 Kmso-font-kerning:0pt">”4 i e( R* u7 m0 i B& z
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">四个字。所谓! z+ o/ f9 F" }: r( Gmso-font-kerning:0pt">“* r* M7 h! A9 h: Y V1 V8 mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;! x6 h2 C+ X, h! f0 M
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" d* J& ?) D: K# u: [7 D) P! tmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以激发人的兴致，培养想象力；所谓" v/ F9 O2 L7 {, [0 {! _, W% X. Zmso-font-kerning:0pt">“7 A) t" i) P( b9 x- }% f- ]9 i/ A3 q9 p
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9 D: m: U( W/ L" K) w pmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以多识鸟兽草木等大自然之物，提高观察力；所谓: \; W4 N$ J S$ q8 i7 l( n- x9 \
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' ~7 k& j! o( j2 l6 dmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">群5 A+ b) K6 D$ q# h& R* r
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以涵养温柔敦厚的性情，提高在群体中生活的能力；所谓( [) Y; X+ P' _5 @
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8 K' W" q. v( c" A u, C2 u' Z% ]mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨0 y% N1 k+ B3 e b1 \) J5 amso-font-kerning:0pt">”$ r5 I# r6 q6 B( [4 r
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: R# b7 k" J; l j# c1 W( o- vmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗还可以锻炼7 l, a6 w' {# x- `6 G$ Z7 M, F
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; j4 m" u. W" O4 k; g) kmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐而不淫、哀而不伤' r4 ]2 ~2 S& E* s4 Y6 D8 T
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; ?! W" K5 R9 v3 v0 `mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语) K) O* N! L9 ?mso-font-kerning:0pt">.+ }, Q. u8 n: |2 C# x1 o- Q# l
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, x6 t& u' H- Q* g( s( Xmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">八佾》）的胸襟和品格，抒发心中之怨，而又能9 m8 a# K4 V: m# ~
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7 j( e5 c: U( ]% A3 G; m6 dmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《朱熹0 _' K6 i( U; @8 V! i# V/ Gmso-font-kerning:0pt">.7 D) J/ N1 _# k" v1 ~font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
1 u( o# C& Z1 l Q1 zmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">论语集注》），恰到好处，合乎中道。总之，学诗可以使人- }9 ~; r( v) |2 rmso-font-kerning:0pt">“8 \2 ]! \; N2 ^0 |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
; y+ y; }6 V% T% h$ x2 h6 tmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">思无邪9 U5 N2 E$ Q2 S* H
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">为政》），遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。2 _" W6 Y2 X0 L
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">继续歪解啊：群呢，就是说物以类聚，大家有共同的审美和爱好，对诗经有雷同的见解，于是呢，就找到好朋友了。所谓怨呢，就是说看到诗经里写的这么美好的事物人物，会生出点点怨气，怨自己为什么没有诗经这么美好的生活，从而激发斗志。) q+ t v, s# ~* L
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0 F, }0 o- [) ^3 i; |" CTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">大家是做文秘工作的，写文章，也需要提高文学素养，如能恰到好处地引用几句诗词、名言警句，定会使文稿熠熠生辉。否则，干巴巴的，没有文彩，读之无味。( p" u- k0 G) S# `0 r" S3 T' _
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Tahoma;color:#006EFE;mso-font-kerning:0pt">好風如水：/ B( A: x2 C2 x [
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨，是否也指怨刺，有着对社会的不满和抨击，比如《硕鼠》《伐檀》等等3 I, Z9 l- C; X; \9 ]0 `
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是啊，大家看看习总的语言风格，文学素养深厚，值得学习。
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