) m' }, K9 _: e0 z: Zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 3 E- P. C$ u v3 L
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, ; H, a$ I! |- j* ^) W- a7 Y% L$ rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- d- g$ R, I8 Q& o# F9 x
"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, : o, Q$ o# s# o4 C0 u1 o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,# c, H% B+ }) z2 i3 ]- [9 d5 r( s
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# E# U4 D' a! a* c; B8 h
"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。 . Z! N" t s( `9 |
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宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, + M6 T- k5 B! c. {9 d) o
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
3 w8 N5 p4 Y4 x) l7 j F& W"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,4 {! F5 R) d! X2 G/ ^& Q( h; l
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, , A* \% q2 {4 z9 _宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 7 k2 G, C5 ^" d7 {0 U. I& }3 W
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
: A, r9 ?9 Z3 s. p' Y"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, - x2 U: H) I/ A. q# _* ~! f1 `$ R7 zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, - e; U' z& c) M& J0 t5 z- v宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。 4 \6 C0 j5 Z: p% j+ c" D; ]
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宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,# z& P' t$ |) k0 D
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" P0 A# U: p% | w+ G"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 9 {5 B- D7 l: s3 ?1 g' q) o+ P6 a
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ # R: ^3 u6 r2 w! E }, @1 s# N
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” / { D* |( g- c: u
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 9 S0 j6 \- ]9 t
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 9 Q, s1 e7 K4 h; {9 u# e宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, ' ^. Z4 C9 J% r3 a
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 L' X s+ V. X" g w& A
"Times New Roman"">前者为因, ( u- d8 g9 \+ N. j. k [8 ]* ?mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, % c( \, H" ^0 f1 b
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
4 h0 P+ h. N3 x4 v9 ["Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,
6 ^4 n4 }5 y- Y. [% E2 }8 y3 N4 N$ N+ ~+ [( z/ Lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 2 Q' o( x) P# [: k$ w
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, . ?2 V, b- v$ |( g1 N; S: |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
, v/ c! T5 s' O k2 N0 ]2 o1 I% K"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 2 X% r6 T. p, E$ c9 J* W6 x
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: ( Q3 I3 ]$ ]5 M2 [
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"Times New Roman"">“ - K' T h1 r ^; F ~% w$ zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 1 S4 q: R2 C9 j# N" R# x宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 4 F7 S* ^+ W0 H) h. w6 b宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, 8 q) L/ [! g- A( w4 _font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
4 N/ J& c) H* D4 E5 b- z3 J' g"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:' q p/ _3 r4 H8 i5 Y! P( [
$ j( z$ u6 u6 O c% t9 m, jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 ; _/ W* }4 c( I1 w宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, / N+ G$ J# \; N: j/ H0 [" y
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* b ^# I |7 r5 I8 W% n6 B
"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,- `& u$ s$ ]% r/ @
/ p( \; ^4 i* i2 S/ Imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 1 {2 J6 R, O# n3 W/ f7 }8 N
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 r; E" t/ o2 u
"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 9 q- t) B r. a C/ g
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 , f U0 V9 @- m5 ]5 E mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里* t/ {4 @, w5 J
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 $ p1 U& v( U. |mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(' N# h+ T4 ?+ T( m) r
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), 8 c" W# g C2 _- vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
: H4 U6 {# d J. ]- G/ v4 D"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用' ]% O9 v3 P. ?( l, H1 h( C/ f12.0pt">, 8 a2 e$ m& V( i6 V: e"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, / |. |$ V# w; I; E5 H! l3 K
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
_1 U S6 K3 o4 `' e9 f9 ]& S8 y"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 2 n( v7 F& @2 P5 v$ V! c9 _mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!! I) m1 `5 p; u' s% q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, - p9 U% Y9 q5 Z1 N* P4 H
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
, V. X( c, d# C# w, a3 M8 @8 l"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: % M8 \9 V+ X( {mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, $ e* l. S7 J" ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, * y# M+ E7 R$ ?8 I6 a4 h& Q8 ^; A
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ |1 t- I; v g- B
"Times New Roman"">“ 8 q$ h% `/ Y( z* fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”. V7 p& u% D0 g8 z# a
12.0pt"> & ]; D0 y+ Q+ h"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。 3 ^7 c3 }) e) k% Q8 C- c* e
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, $ ^% \$ B) n& ] G$ A
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, . ^% y2 Z2 ~: n
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 N- ?* s1 F* F9 K
"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 4 I% s. N6 v) o- ]3 q$ b% h/ vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, * l; l6 G& i0 k6 }9 W3 [% e$ v
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 4 H5 \* H8 C1 @1 d6 F$ v- ~3 Z" z
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
- a/ N. I# Y/ b" F. j. o"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ $ ^" ^4 c+ S! f; r8 L, Q: ]- hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” " ]2 b2 k5 `+ z/ q/ i' d3 V6 Q
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。
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宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,
! e. t; n/ |. _, V5 r! \2 W) i( m' H# Z- I! g0 D$ l; `font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 e! D1 X/ Y8 b- ^7 o% D- h3 W5 s" e
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构 ( T+ B! o+ P& w4 w0 [
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, : O1 C9 ^4 Z% I: M) a. f! ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 6 V0 E }, l' I
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: H9 `) \' t! W/ @$ b# L1 ^
"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,
& T# e; V9 i0 ~: \6 f/ `0 k( ^- \" @( Z8 Y. X
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, / e5 T5 J. `7 q* `- G2 F9 A
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* |7 M2 C# k8 t1 f; K
"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,3 z4 W: v/ Z8 n& Y5 M2 M
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, % P0 S5 p8 z1 Z( Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
7 E. a: X3 E, \"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题' w9 A4 D d& j5 G12.0pt">: . Z0 A* s, b/ i* h% u0 p, Z- |
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: . W$ A" F/ M+ t
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& H. M2 |/ w- w! b
"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才% G" F5 W- h) Y* N12.0pt">, ; x8 Z6 q# F$ Y3 d9 K
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 0 S% ~5 Z m9 U F2 p& w. l8 Z" afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
( l0 l, B$ D" \, Z, x' Z) \"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 0 S( R# B, S' {; y5 W3 Fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, & r5 ~/ b" }# u; X% \ v% R5 S宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, : _. c6 G" P# G5 W
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 D) s l' u9 B4 { N5 F
"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题! |9 A+ O% M1 k2 @' S4 u
12.0pt">; 3 k% M6 J _1 B$ `"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 9 z% ~6 H: {: I A# O
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: a# Y3 C. Z' A& S- Q
"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求# ?) ]% ]% t, N& m5 o' \12.0pt">: ' d, p+ {1 P$ A"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; , v. O7 Z* U( \% F* m* [& C1 C
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
( |$ g2 `1 W Y# {' Q( a3 u% b"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, & T s1 {' E/ r" d) y* q: ~/ ?
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, / G( Z' W1 j4 ^
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ?/ G4 @$ y' g- C- R& L5 k1 \% V
"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统$ S) @0 X! D/ ], o) E5 g0 w
12.0pt">: & n. A+ S4 P; G9 k
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* ]: v7 v0 }; v2 s3 F- Rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ , k. }( t0 i9 ]
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” ]7 M; {- g) X& |/ v# o
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕
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. p. S6 } J9 ^% o# ~mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> : c0 s% T( s& M3 S2 ~
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
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: y# q" ?( {) q/ ]. c, R$ F3 c宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,/ ^' i( \# ?; c4 b) w4 n. z$ J7 W
0 E3 r, s4 j4 sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
) |' y8 R) M/ [3 N"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构
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4 y2 b* q" ~) q4 Q/ y' j3 ]: Gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, , o3 v$ ]% F* k I8 b
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
- F, v5 J8 h0 r" ]' d' g/ h"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, $ Q/ _& \- o7 a5 J5 k# n
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, + |/ s% R7 e M; e! e! \
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
4 j9 @( l# O3 d: Z9 O# A"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,5 p; c. q1 B& r
# ~0 Z! F$ r: s, x4 C) f
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, % d' L3 D3 W4 @
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
* O1 e( y2 c* @& m. g"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 6 L& ^ }$ _) z3 G6 C( X' d% Rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 9 r! M4 ]5 r/ n
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: * q3 t% H; |! q* Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
, a) V$ \1 \: n) q+ `$ E"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, : m1 C p/ W$ N9 C0 mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, , ~& W# I# A) L; ~7 B
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
+ j1 }. M/ v- m4 T- N* E"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 2 v7 o6 u! v. y$ q- b
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。
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- R& l# C' L9 p1 B6 |9 j9 Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,* x7 V) }" H8 T+ t
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ G/ e! |8 R) Y7 |
"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定% |% W* a! x* P" g8 ?0 Z# B6 F12.0pt">, 1 p3 A7 X( e' S4 J3 P"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, ' L' E$ E7 d# ?. [3 ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
; K$ L7 M8 t2 H- k p"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如: d+ J7 [4 d, y3 {3 h3 e' ^
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 4 n$ g0 Q6 h" M' f% I: P$ V. y
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, ! a+ `$ A. x9 B# o% ?5 Y; Y- X) ?# L9 J
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3 a- Z( a/ d" \/ a"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, Y; ]$ a$ w# I6 L, X
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 3 B1 Y% B/ n% K0 R3 _$ Q$ P
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"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: " @6 C% @2 }6 k0 M7 R% }4 G宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ 9 L; ~$ w( h' o1 n" h宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, * e* `) E2 `2 f2 y
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"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊 |